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BUDDHA

BUDDHA
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BUDDHA - Gautama Budhha, aslinya bernama pangeran Siddharta, merupakan pendiri agama Buddha, salah satu agama terbesar di dunia. Siddharta adalah anak lelaki seorang raja yang berkuasa di Kapilawastu, sebuah kota di timur laut India, dekat perbatasan Nepal. Siddharta yang berasal dari suku Sakya konon dilahirkan pada tahun 563 SM di Lumbini, di wilayah yang biasa disebut Nepal saat ini. Dia menikah dengan sepupunya pada usia 16 tahun. Dibesarkan dalam kerajaan istana yang mewah, Pangeran Siddharta tidak pernah merasaan kekurangan material. Namun, dia sangat tidak puas. Dia mengamati bahwa kebanyakan umat manusia hidup dalam keadaan miskin dan terus-menerus menderita kekurangan. Menurut Siddharta, hidup itu bukan sekedar kenikmataan sesaat, yang kesemuanya begitu cepat tersapu oleh penderitaan dan kematian. 

BUDDHA
Ketiak berusia 29 tahun, tepat setalah kelahiran putra pertamanya. Siddharta memutuskan untuk harus meninggalkan kehidupan yang dijalaninya saat itu dan mengabdi sepenuhnya pada pencarian kebenaran. Dia pergi meninggalkan istana, harta, istri serta bayi putranya. Dan menjadi seorang pengembara. Untuk beberapa waktu dia belajar dia belajar pada beberapa orang-orang suci pada saat itu. Tapi setelah mendalami ajaran tersebut, dia mendapati solusi-solusi mereka terhadap masalah kemanusian yang tidak memadai. Pada masa itu dipercaya bahwa askestisisme ekstrem merupakan jalan sejati menuju kebenaran, karena itu siddharta mencoba untuk menjadi askestik, menjalani puasa-puasa berat selama beberapa tahun. Namun, pada akhirnya dia sadar karena penyiksaan pada tubuh hanya mengaburkan pikirannya, tanpa membawanya lebih dekat pada kebijaksanaan sejati. Maka, setelah itu dia pun kembali makan secara normal dan meninggalkan askestisisme. 

Pada suatu malam Siddharta merenungkan permasalahannya atas keberadaan manusia, hingga ketika fajar tiba dia yakin dirinya telah menemukan pemecahan permasalahan tersebut, dan dia yakiin dia kini telah menjadi seorang Buddha, seseorang yang tercerahkan. Pada saat berumur 35 tahun dia mulai mendakwahkan filosofinya ke seluruh India utara, ketika dia wafat pada 483 SM dia memiliki ribuan pengikut. Meskipun sabdanya tidak pernah dibukukan, para pengikutnya telah mengukir banyak ajarannya dalam hati dan diturunkan secara lisan dari generasi ke generasi.

Ajaran utama Buddha dapat diringkas dalam apa yang oleh penganut Buddha sebut sebagai Empat Kebenaran Mulia
  1. Bahwa kehidupan manusia secara intristik tidaklah bahagia.
  2. Bahwa penyebab ketidak bahagiaan ini adalah kepetingan diri manusia dan nafsu.
  3. Bahwa kepentingan diri dan nafsu itu dapat diakhiri dari hasil akhir, dimana semua nafsu dan keinginan telah diakhiri yang disebut dengan nirwana.
  4. Bahwa metode untuk melepaskan diri dan nafsu disebut dengan delapan jalan.
Pandangan, pikiran, ucapan, tindakan, cara hidup, upaya, kepedulian, dan meditasi yang benar. Mugkin dapat ditambahkan Buddhaisme terbuka untuk semua orang, tidak memandang ras dan tidak mengenal kasta. Dikarenakan ajaran Buddha tidak pernah dibukukan sampai beberapa abad setelah meninggalnya Siddharta, sehingga dimaklumi mengapa gerakannya pecah menjadi dua. Pertama, mazhab Theravada yang dominan di Asia Selatan dan dianggap kebanyakan ahli dari barat sebagai mazhab yang lebih dekat pada ajaran asli Buddha. Kedua, mazhab Mahayana yang dominan di Tibet, Cina dan Asia Utara pada umumnya.

Buddhaisme memiliki unsur cinta damai yang jauh lebih kuat dari pada Nasrani atau Islam. Orientasi pada tindakan tanpa kekerasan ini telah memainkan peran amat penting dalam sejarah politik negara-negara penganut Buddha.
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